2021 | David Julius and Ardem Patapoutian | Mice | For their discoveries of receptors for temperature and touch |
2020 | Harvey J. Alter, Michael Houghton and Charles M. Rice | Chimpanzees | For the discovery of the hepatitis C virus |
2019 | William G. Kaelin, Jr., MD, Gregg L. Semenza, MD, PhD, and Peter J. Ratcliffe, MD, FRS, FMedSci | Mice | Their groundbreaking research that has led to an understanding of how cells in the body adapt to changing oxygen availability. |
2018 | Dr. Tasuku Honjo and James P. Allison, PhD | Mice | For their discoveries in cancer therapy via inhibition of negative immune regulation |
2017 | Dr. Michael Rosbash, PhD, Jeffrey C. Hall, PhD, and Michael W. Young, PhD | Fruit flies | Their discoveries of molecular mechanisms controlling the circadian rhythm |
2016 | Dr. Yoshinori Ohsumi | Mice | For his discoveries of mechanisms for autophagy |
2015 | William C. Campbell and Satoshi Ōmura & Youyou Tu | mice, dogs, sheep, cattle, chickens, monkeys | William C. Campbell and Satoshi Ōmura for their discoveries concerning a novel therapy against infections caused by roundworm parasites and Youyou Tu for her discoveries concerning a novel therapy against Malaria |
2014 | John O'Keefe and May-Britt & Edvard I. Moser | rats | Discoveries of cells that constitute a positioning system in the brain (an inner GPS) |
2013 | James E. Rothman, PhD and Thomas C. Südhof, PhD | Mice, hamsters | For their discoveries of machinery regulating vesicle traffic, a major transport system in our cells |
2012 | Sir John B. Gurdon | Frogs, mice | For the discovery that mature cells can be reprogrammed to become pluripotent |
2012 | Shinya Yamanaka | Frogs, mice | For the discovery that mature cells can be reprogrammed to become pluripotent |
2011 | Bruce A. Beutler | Mice | Discoveries concerning the activation of innate immunity |
2011 | Jules A. Hoffmann | Flies | Discoveries concerning the activation of innate immunity |
2011 | Ralph M. Steinman | Mice | For his discovery of the dendritic cell and its role in adaptive immunity |
2010 | Robert G. Edwards | Rabbits | The development of in vitro fertilization |
2009 | Carol W. Greider | Protozoan, mouse, frog | Discovery of how chromosomes are protected by telomeres and the enzyme telomerase |
2009 | Elizabeth H. Blackburn | Protozoan, mouse | Discovery of how chromosomes are protected by telomeres and the enzyme telomerase |
2009 | Jack W. Szostak | Protozoan | Discovery of how chromosomes are protected by telomeres and the enzyme telomerase |
2008 | Harald zur Hausen | Hamster, mouse, cow | Discovery of human papilloma viruses causing cervical cancer |
2008 | Françoise Barré-Sinoussi | Monkey, chimpanzee, mouse | Discovery of human immunodeficiency virus |
2008 | Luc Montagnier | Monkey, chimpanzee, mouse | Discovery of human immunodeficiency virus |
2007 | Mario R. Capecchi | Mouse | Discoveries of principles for introducing specific gene modifications in mice by the use of embryonic stem cells |
2007 | Sir Martin J. Evans | Mouse, Chick | Discoveries of principles for introducing specific gene modifications in mice by the use of embryonic stem cells |
2007 | Oliver Smithies | Mouse | Discoveries of principles for introducing specific gene modifications in mice by the use of embryonic stem cells |
2006 | Andrew Z. Fire | Nematode roundworm | Discovery of RNA interference - gene silencing by double-stranded RNA |
2006 | Craig C. Mello | Nematode roundworm | Discovery of RNA interference - gene silencing by double-stranded RNA |
2005 | Barry J. Marshall | Piglet | Discovery of the bacterium Helicobacter pylori and its role in gastritis and peptic ulcer disease |
2004 | Richard Axel | Mouse, Drosophila (fruit flies) | Discoveries of odorant receptors and the organization of the olfactory system |
2004 | Linda B. Buck | Mouse | Discoveries of odorant receptors and the organization of the olfactory system" |
2003 | Paul C. Lauterbur | Clam, mouse, dog, rat, chimpanzee, pig, rabbit, frog | Discoveries concerning magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) |
2003 | Sir Peter Mansfield | Clam, mouse, dog, rat, chimpanzee, pig, rabbit, frog | Discoveries concerning magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) |
2002 | H. Robert Horvitz | Nematode | Genetic regulation of organ development and programmed cell death |
2002 | Sydney Brenner | Nematode | Genetic regulation of organ development and programmed cell death |
2002 | John E. Sulston | Nematode | Genetic regulation of organ development and programmed cell death |
2001 | Leland H. Hartwell | Sea urchin, frog | Discoveries of key regulators of the cell cycle |
2001 | Tim Hunt | Sea urchin, frog, Rabbit, Xenopus, Clam | Discoveries of key regulators of the cell cycle |
2001 | Sir Paul M. Nurse | Sea urchin, frog | Discoveries of key regulators of the cell cycle |
2000 | Arvid Carlsson | Sea slug, mouse | Discoveries in signal transduction in the nervous system |
2000 | Paul Greengard | Sea slug, mouse | Discoveries in signal transduction in the nervous system |
2000 | Eric R. Kandel | Sea slug, mouse | Discoveries in signal transduction in the nervous system |
1999 | Günter Blobel | Mouse, rat, dog | Discovery that proteins have intrinsic signals that govern their transport and localization in the cell |
1998 | Robert F. Furchgott | Rabbit | Regulation of blood pressure with nitric oxide (NO) |
1998 | Louis J. Ignarro | Rabbit | Regulation of blood pressure with nitric oxide (NO) |
1998 | Ferid Murad | Rabbit | Regulation of blood pressure with nitric oxide (NO) |
1997 | Stanley B. Prusiner | Mouse, hamster | Discovery of prions, a new biological principle of infection |
1996 | Peter C. Doherty | Mouse | Recognition of virus-infected cells by the immune system |
1996 | Rolf M. Zinkernagel | Mouse | Recognition of virus-infected cells by the immune system |
1995 | Edward B. Lewis | Fruit fly | Genetic control of early embryonic development |
1995 | Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard | Fruit fly | Genetic control of early embryonic development |
1995 | Eric F. Wieschaus | Fruit fly | Genetic control of early embryonic development |
1994 | Alfred G. Gilman | Rat, cow, rabbit, turkey | Discovery of G-proteins and the role of these proteins in signal transduction in cells |
1994 | Martin Rodbell | Rat, guinea pig, turkey | Discovery of G-proteins and the role of these proteins in signal transduction in cells |
1993 | Richard J. Roberts | Rats | Discoveries of split genes |
1993 | Phillip A. Sharp | Mice | Discoveries of split genes |
1992 | Edmond H. Fischer | Rabbit | Discoveries concerning reversible protein phosphorylation as a biological regulatory mechanism |
1992 | Edwin G. Krebs | Rabbit, Rat | Discoveries concerning reversible protein phosphorylation as a biological regulatory mechanism |
1991 | Erwin Neher | Frog | Chemical communication between cells |
1991 | Bert Sakmann | Frog | Chemical communication between cells |
1990 | Joseph E. Murray | Dog | Organ transplantation techniques |
1990 | E. Donnall Thomas | Dog | Organ transplantation techniques |
1989 | Harold E. Varmus | Chicken | Discovery of the cellular origin of retroviral oncogenes |
1989 | J. Michael Bishop | Chicken | Discovery of the cellular origin of retroviral oncogenes |
1988 | Sir James W. Black | Guinea pig, cat, dog, rat | Discoveries of important principles for drug treatment |
1988 | Gertrude B. Elion | Mice, dog, rabbit, monkey | Discoveries of important principles for drug treatment |
1988 | George H. Hitchings | Mice, rat, dog | Discoveries of important principles for drug treatment |
1987 | Susumu Tonegawa | Mouse embryo | Discovery of genetic principle for generation of antibody diversity |
1986 | Stanley Cohen | Mouse, chick, snake | Nerve growth factor and epidermal growth factor |
1986 | Rita Levi-Montalcini | Mouse, chick, snake | Nerve growth factor and epidermal growth factor |
1985 | Michael S. Brown | Rats | Discoveries concerning the regulation of cholesterol metabolism |
1985 | Joseph L. Goldstein | Rats | Discoveries concerning the regulation of cholesterol metabolism |
1984 | Niels K. Jerne | Mouse | Techniques of monoclonal antibody formation |
1984 | Georges J.F. Köhler | Mouse | Techniques of monoclonal antibody formation |
1984 | César Milstein | Mouse | Techniques of monoclonal antibody formation |
1982 | Sune K. Bergström | Rat, rabbit, guinea pig | Discovery of prostaglandins |
1982 | Bengt I. Samuelsson | Rat, rabbit, guinea pig | Discovery of prostaglandins |
1982 | John R. Vane | Rat, rabbit, guinea pig | Discovery of prostaglandins |
1981 | Roger W. Sperry | Cat, monkey | Discoveries concerning the functional specialization of the cerebral hemispheres |
1981 | David H. Hubel | Cat, monkey | Discoveries concerning information processing in the visual system |
1981 | Torsten N. Wiesel | Cat, monkey | Discoveries concerning information processing in the visual system |
1980 | Baruj Benacerraf | Mouse, guinea pig | Identification of histocompatibility antigens and mechanism of action |
1980 | Jean Dausset | Mouse, guinea pig | Identification of histocompatibility antigens and mechanism of action |
1980 | George D. Snell | Mouse, guinea pig | Identification of histocompatibility antigens and mechanism of action |
1979 | Allan M. Cormack | Pig | Development of computer assisted tomography (CAT scan) |
1979 | Godfrey N. Hounsfield | Pig | Development of computer assisted tomography (CAT scan) |
1977 | Roger Guillemin | Sheep, pig | Discoveries concerning the peptide hormone production of the brain |
1977 | Andrew V. Schally | Sheep, pig | Discoveries concerning the peptide hormone production of the brain |
1977 | Rosalyn Yalow | Sheep, pig | Development of radioimmunoassays of peptide hormones |
1976 | Baruch S. Blumberg | Chimpanzee | New mechanisms for the origin and dissemination of infectious diseases |
1976 | D. Carleton Gajdusek | Chimpanzee | New mechanisms for the origin and dissemination of infectious diseases |
1975 | David Baltimore | Monkey, horse, chicken, mouse | Interaction between tumor viruses and genetic material |
1975 | Renato Dulbecco | Monkey, horse, chicken, mouse | Interaction between tumor viruses and genetic material |
1975 | Howard Martin Temin | Monkey, horse, chicken, mouse | Interaction between tumor viruses and genetic material |
1974 | Albert Claude | Chicken, guinea pig, rat | Structural and functional organization of cells |
1974 | Christian de Duve | Chicken, guinea pig, rat | Structural and functional organization of cells |
1974 | George E. Palade | Chicken, guinea pig, rat | Structural and functional organization of cells |
1973 | Karl von Frisch | Bee, bird, fish | Organization of social and behavior patterns in animals |
1973 | Konrad Lorenz | Bee, bird, fish | Organization of social and behavior patterns in animals |
1973 | Nikolaas Tinbergen | Bee, bird, fish | Organization of social and behavior patterns in animals |
1972 | Gerald M. Edelman | Guinea pig, rabbit | Chemical structure of antibodies |
1972 | Rodney R. Porter | Guinea pig, rabbit | Chemical structure of antibodies |
1971 | Earl W. Sutherland, Jr. | Mammalian liver | Mechanism of the actions of hormones |
1970 | Sir Bernard Katz | Cat, rat | Mechanism of storage and release of nerve transmitters |
1970 | Ulf von Euler | Cat, rat | Mechanism of storage and release of nerve transmitters |
1970 | Julius Axelrod | Cat, rat | Mechanism of storage and release of nerve transmitters |
1968 | Robert W. Holley | Rat | Interpretation of the genetic code and its function in protein synthesis |
1968 | Har Gobind Khorana | Rat | Interpretation of the genetic code and its function in protein synthesis |
1968 | Marshall W. Nirenberg | Guinea pig | Interpretation of the genetic code and its function in protein synthesis |
1967 | Ragnar Granit | Chicken, rabbit, fish, crab | Primary physiological and chemical processes of vision |
1967 | Haldan Keffer Hartline | Chicken, rabbit, fish, crab | Primary physiological and chemical processes of vision |
1967 | George Wald | Chicken, rabbit, fish, crab | Primary physiological and chemical processes of vision |
1966 | Peyton Rous | Rat, rabbit, hen | Discovery of tumor-inducing viruses |
1966 | Charles Brenton Huggins | Rat, rabbit, hen | Discoveries concerning hormonal treatment of prostatic cancer |
1964 | Konrad Bloch | Rat | Regulation of cholesterol and fatty acid metabolism |
1964 | Feodor Lynen | Rat | Regulation of cholesterol and fatty acid metabolism |
1963 | Sir John Carew Eccles | Cat, frog, squid, crab | Ionic mechanisms involved in excitation and inhibition in the peripheral and central portions of the nerve cell membrane |
1963 | Alan Lloyd Hodgkin | Cat, frog, squid, crab | Ionic mechanisms involved in excitation and inhibition in the peripheral and central portions of the nerve cell membrane |
1963 | Andrew Fielding Huxley | Cat, frog, squid, crab | Ionic mechanisms involved in excitation and inhibition in the peripheral and central portions of the nerve cell membrane |
1961 | Georg von Békésy | Guinea pig | Physical mechanism of stimulation within the cochlea |
1960 | Sir Frank Macfarlane Burnet | Rabbit | Discovery of acquired immunological tolerance |
1960 | Peter Brian Medawar | Rabbit | Discovery of acquired immunological tolerance |
1957 | Daniel Bovet | Dog, rabbit | Production of synthetic compounds and their action on the vascular system and skeletal muscles |
1955 | Axel Hugo Theodor Theorell | Horse | Nature and mode of action of oxidation enzymes |
1954 | John Franklin Enders | Monkey, mouse | Culture of poliovirus that led to development of vaccine |
1954 | Thomas Huckle Weller | Monkey, mouse | Culture of poliovirus that led to development of vaccine |
1954 | Frederick Chapman Robbins | Monkey, mouse | Culture of poliovirus that led to development of vaccine |
1953 | Hans Adolf Krebs | Pigeon | Discovery of the citric acid cycle |
1953 | Fritz Albert Lipmann | Pigeon | Discovery of co-enzyme A and its importance in intermediary metabolism |
1952 | Selman Abraham Waksman | Guinea pig | Discovery of streptomycin, the first effective antibiotic against tuberculosis |
1951 | Max Theiler | Monkey, mouse | Development of yellow fever vaccine |
1950 | Edward Calvin Kendall | Cow | Antiarthritic role of adrenal hormones |
1950 | Tadeus Reichstein | Cow | Antiarthritic role of adrenal hormones |
1950 | Philip Showalter Hench | Cow | Antiarthritic role of adrenal hormones |
1949 | Walter Rudolf Hess | Cat | Functional organization of the brain as a coordinator of internal organs |
1949 | Antonio Caetano de Abreu Freire Egas Moniz | Cat | Discovery of the therapeutic value of leucotomy in certain psychoses |
1947 | Carl Ferdinand Cori | Frog, toad, dog | Catalytic conversion glycogen |
1947 | Gerty Theresa Cori, née Radnitz | Frog, toad, dog | Catalytic conversion glycogen |
1947 | Bernardo Alberto Houssay | Frog, toad, dog | Role of pituitary in sugar metabolism |
1945 | Sir Alexander Fleming | Mouse | Discovery of penicillin and its curative effect in various infectious diseases |
1945 | Ernst Boris Chain | Mouse | Discovery of penicillin and its curative effect in various infectious diseases |
1945 | Sir Howard Walter Florey | Mouse | Discovery of penicillin and its curative effect in various infectious diseases |
1944 | Joseph Erlanger | Cat | Specific functions of nerve cells |
1944 | Herbert Spencer Gasser | Cat | Specific functions of nerve cells |
1943 | Henrik Carl Peter Dam | Rat, dog, chick, mouse | Discovery of function of Vitamin K |
1943 | Edward Adelbert Doisy | Rat, dog, chick, mouse | Discovery of function of Vitamin K |
1939 | Gerhard Domagk | Mouse, rabbit | Antibacterial effects of prontosil |
1938 | Corneille Jean François Heymans | Dog | Role of the sinus and aortic mechanisms in regulation of respiration |
1936 | Sir Henry Hallett Dale | Cat, frog, bird, reptile | Chemical transmission of nerve impulses |
1936 | Otto Loewi | Cat, frog, bird, reptile | Chemical transmission of nerve impulses |
1935 | Hans Spemann | Newt, frog | Organizer effect in embryonic development |
1934 | George Hoyt Whipple | Dog | Liver therapy for anemia |
1934 | George Richards Minot | Dog | Liver therapy for anemia |
1934 | William Parry Murphy | Dog | Liver therapy for anemia |
1932 | Sir Charles Scott Sherrington | Dog, cat | Function of neurons |
1932 | Edgar Douglas Adrian | Dog, cat | Function of neurons |
1929 | Christiaan Eijkman | Chicken | Discovery of antineuritic and growth stimulating vitamins |
1929 | Sir Frederick Gowland Hopkins | Chicken | Discovery of antineuritic and growth stimulating vitamins |
1928 | Charles Jules Henri Nicolle | Monkey, guinea pig, rat, mouse | Pathogenesis of typhus |
1924 | Willem Einthoven | Dog | Mechanism of the electrocardiogram |
1923 | Frederick Grant Banting | Dog, rabbit, fish | Discovery of insulin and mechanism of diabetes |
1923 | John James Richard Macleod | Dog, rabbit, fish | Discovery of insulin and mechanism of diabetes |
1922 | Archibald Vivian Hill | Frog | Discovery relating to the production of heat in the muscle |
1920 | Schack August Steenberg Krogh | Frog | Discovery of capillary motor regulating mechanism |
1919 | Jules Bordet | Guinea pig, horse, rabbit | Mechanisms of immunity |
1913 | Charles Robert Richet | Dog, rabbit | Mechanisms of anaphylaxis |
1912 | Alexis Carrel | Dog, cat | Surgical advances in the suture and grafting of blood vessels |
1910 | Albrecht Kossel | Bird | Knowledge of cell chemistry through work on proteins, including nuclear substances |
1908 | Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov | Bird, fish, guinea pig | Immune reactions and functions of phagocytes |
1908 | Paul Ehrlich | Bird, fish, guinea pig | Immune reactions and functions of phagocytes |
1907 | Charles Louis Alphonse Laveran | Bird | Role of protozoa as cause of disease |
1906 | Camillo Golgi | Dog, horse | Characterization of the central nervous system |
1906 | Santiago Ramón y Cajal | Dog, horse | Characterization of the central nervous system |
1905 | Robert Koch | Cow, sheep | Studies of pathogenesis of tuberculosis |
1904 | Ivan Petrovich Pavlov | Dog | Animal responses to various stimuli |
1902 | Ronald Ross | Pigeon | Understanding of malaria life cycle |
1901 | Emil Adolf von Behring | Guinea Pig | Development of diphtheria antiserum |